Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Ebastine targets HER2/HER3 signaling and cancer stem cell traits to overcome trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5751

Figure Lengend Snippet: EBA impairs cancer stem cell-like properties. (A) BT474 and SKBR3 cells were treated with EBA for 48 h, and ALDH1 activity was assessed by flow cytometry using the Aldefluor assay. DEAB was used to define the baseline of Aldefluor-positive fluorescence. (B) BT474 cells (5x10 4 cells/ml) were plated in ultra-low attachment dishes and cultured in the presence or absence of EBA for 5 days. The number and volume of mammospheres were measured by microscopy. (C) Overall survival of patients with breast cancer stratified by the co-expression of ALDH1A1 and CD44. (D) Spearman correlation analysis of ALDH1A1 and CD44 mRNA levels in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort (n=76). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses of patients with HER2-overexpressing breast cancer stratified by (E) ALDH1A1 and (F) CD44 expression. Patients were divided into high- and low-expression groups based on the median gene expression. Statistical significance was determined using the log-rank test. (G) JIMT-1 cells were treated with EBA (3 μ M) for 48 h and the CD44 high /CD24 low cell populations were identified by flow cytometry. (H) JIMT-1 cells (1.5x10 4 cells/ml) were cultured under serum-free suspension conditions in the presence of EBA (3 μ M) for 8 days. Mammosphere number and volumes were quantified. ** P<0.01 and **** P<0.0001 vs. vehicle-treated control (0 μ M EBA). EBA, ebastine; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; DEAB, diethylaminobenzaldehyde; CTL, control; ISO, isotype.

Article Snippet: The human breast cancer cell lines SKBR3, BT474, MDA-MB-453 (American Type Culture Collection) and JIMT-1 (Leibnitz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH) were cultured in DMEM, MEM or RPMI-1640 (all Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 100 U/ml penicillin-streptomycin at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Activity Assay, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Cell Culture, Microscopy, Expressing, Gene Expression, Suspension, Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: APOBEC3A is the predominant global editor of cytosines in human mRNAs and in single-strand RNA viruses

doi: 10.64898/2026.02.10.705151

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Enrichment of the 16 possible C to U mRNA editing trinucleotide motifs in human BT-474 breast cancer cell lines expressing APOBEC3A (left panel) or APOBEC3B (right panel). mRNA editing motifs and statistical evaluations are presented in the same format as in for DNA editing motifs. Enrichment values shown on each panel can be found in S3 Table. Red dashed lines indicate enrichment level of 1.0. Black bars indicating a statistically significant enrichment (q < 0.05 determined for 16 P-values by Benjamini-Hochberg); grey bars – not significant. Enrichments for all possible trinucleotide mRNA editing motifs, including P-values and q-values can be found in S7 Table. Pairs of odds ratios of all motif-motif and cohort-cohort combinations (APOBEC3A vs APOBEC3B) within a four-motif uCn group were compared by Breslow-Day Test for homogeneity of the odds ratios (S5 Table). ( B ) The density of APOBEC uCn mRNA editing motif in different secondary structure context in cell lines expressing APOBEC3A (A3A), and APOBEC3B (A3B). ( C ) Densities of each of the four APOBEC3A mRNA editing motifs belonging to the four-motif uCn group in each type of secondary structure. ( B,C ) Brackets show significant differences between densities calculated by chi-square test. Source data for panels B and C and statistical comparisons can be found in S8 Table.

Article Snippet: BT474 cells were obtained directly from ATCC as part of a breast cancer cell line panel, ATCC 30-4500K.

Techniques: Expressing